Central Italy played a key role in Roman history. In the early days, it was the home of various Italic tribes, such as Etruscans, Samnites, and Umbrians, who influenced Roman culture and military strategies. The Romans gradually expanded their control over the region, beginning with the conquest of the Etruscan cities in the 4th century BCE.

The region became vital for Roman expansion, with cities such as Florence, Perugia and Terni. During the Second Punic War, Central Italy faced the devastating invasion of Hannibal Barca. After his victory at Cannae in 216 BCE, Hannibal ravaged the region, severely challenging Roman power. But the Romans eventually recovered, reinforcing their dominance in Italy.